The
European Right Wing
There
is a troubling phenomenon that has been taking place throughout Europe over the
past several years. This is the rise of
neo fascist, eurosceptic political
parties in nearly all European countries.
Much of this trend is populist in nature, and seems a distant cousin of
the Trump and Sanders movements in the U.S.
I watch TV directly from Europe over IPTV and
several things have become recently apparent.
Firstly, Europe has a migration and refugee issue of massive
proportions. Even before the dangerous anarchy
in Syria and Libya, Europe was facing “Islamization”, the influx of Muslims
into Europe on a large scale. This has
caused xenophobic, anti-Muslim reactions even before the current migration
crisis. Recent books by Ayaan Hirsi Ali,
“Infidel”, “Heretic”; Geert Wilders, “Marked for Death”; and Bruce Bawer “While
Europe Slept” expound on this phenomenon in some detail.
Secondly,
some members of the European Union are going broke paying for their
socialization programs. They can’t have
high minimum wages, 30 hour work weeks, 6 weeks of vacation, “free” schooling,
medical care, strong social services and other social amenities, and then
couple all this with a weak work ethic and pervasive corruption, and expect a
country and an economy to thrive. Countries
like Greece, Spain and even Italy and France to some extent are beginning to
realize that they need to “pay the piper”.
And Germany is increasingly tired of supporting the above
inefficiencies. Even the Scandinavian
countries are not models of the utopian socialism they were once thought to be.
Thirdly,
unrest in the population arises in the weaker countries from their reluctance
to impose austerity measures to rebalance their economic systems, and unrest
also arises in the stronger countries because they don’t want to pay for their
poorer cousins’ excesses. This opens the
way for neo fascist, anti-Schengen, xenophobic “country firsters”. Some are relatively mild, but some border on
neo-Nazism, particularly when coupled with anti-migrant xenophobia.
Listed
below are summaries of the rise of right wing parties in the European
countries. Most of these references are
from Wikipedia. They are a good starting
point for further, more detailed research.
European Political parties
Right-wing
populist political parties
Current
right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions
Austria – Freedom
Party of Austria,[63] Alliance
for the Future of Austria[64]
Belgium – Flemish Interest[65]
Denmark – Danish
People's Party[63][66]
Finland – True Finns[63]
France – National
Front[63][66]
Germany – Alternative
for Germany[63]
Greece – Independent Greeks,[28] Popular
Orthodox Rally[67][68][69]
Hungary – Fidesz[63]
Italy – Lega Nord[63][70]
Netherlands – Party for Freedom[65]
Norway – Progress
Party[66][71]
Russia – Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia[72]
Serbia – Serbian
Radical Party[73]
Slovakia – Slovak
National Party[74]
Sweden – Sweden Democrats[63]
Switzerland – Swiss
People's Party[75]
Ukraine – Svoboda[76][77]
United Kingdom – UK
Independence Party[78]
Some articles about the rise of the right in Europe.
This is incomplete and tilted left ala “Time Magazine”
However it does have some good points. http://time.com/4075396/far-right-politics-rise-europe/
Ariana’s “Huff” normally leans perceptibly left, but
this article seems pretty well balanced. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/europe-right-wing-refugees_us_562e9e64e4b06317990f1922
From UK’s left, another fairly well balanced article.
From India’s moderate “The Week” http://theweek.com/articles/576490/rise-europes-far-right
And from our right
wing Breitbart http://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/09/25/hold-hold-are-european-leaders-only-now-dealing-with-the-migrant-crisis-because-they-fear-the-rise-of-the-right/
A Country by Country Look
England
The UK Independence Party (UKIP /ˈjuːkɪp/) is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political
party in the United Kingdom. Headquartered
in Newton Abbot, Devon, its leader is Nigel Farage. UKIP has one Member of Parliament in the House
of Commons, three representatives in the House of Lords, and twenty-two Members
of the European Parliament, making it the
largest UK party in the European Parliament. It has 497 councillors in UK
local government and one member of the Northern
Ireland Assembly.
France
The National Front (French: Front National, French pronunciation: [fʁɔ̃
na.sjɔ.nal], FN), is a socially conservative, nationalist political party in France. Its major
policies include economic protectionism, a zero tolerance approach to law
and order issues, and opposition
to immigration. A eurosceptic party, the FN has opposed the European Union since its creation in 1993. Most political
commentators place the FN on the right[13][14][15][16] to far right[19][20][21][22][dubious – discuss] but party representatives reject this and suggest
other ways of looking at the left–right axis.[23] The party was founded in 1972 to unify a variety of French
nationalist movements of the time. Jean-Marie Le Pen was the
party's first leader and the undisputed centre of the party from its start
until his resignation in 2011. Marine Le Pen, his daughter, was elected as the current leader.
While the party struggled as a marginal force for its first ten years, since
1984 it has been the major force of French nationalism.[24]
Germany
Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the
West (German: Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes), abbreviated PEGIDA or Pegida, is a far-right movement,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] founded in Dresden in October 2014 that promotes anti-Islamic political positions.[11][12][13] The movement opposes what it considers the Islamisation[14] of the Western world and demands more restrictive immigration rules,
particularly for Muslims who it views
as refusing to integrate. Offshoots of Pegida have been formed in various countries. The movement has also opposed NATO and EU membership and
has supported better relations with Russia.[citation needed]
The Alternative for Germany (German: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) is a Eurosceptic[9][10][11][12] and right-wing populist[13][14][15] political
party in Germany founded in 2013. The party won 4.7% of the votes in
the 2013
federal election, narrowly missing the 5% electoral threshold to sit
in the Bundestag. The party won
7.1% of the votes and 7 out of 96 German seats in the 2014
European election, and subsequently joined the European
Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group.
As of 2015 the AfD has gained representation in five German state parliaments. The party is currently led by Frauke Petry and Jörg
Meuthen.’
Russia
United Russia (Russian: Еди́ная Росси́я; Yedinaya Rossiya) is the current ruling political
party in Russia. It is the largest party in the Russian Federation, currently
holding 238 (or 52.89%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma. The party was
founded in December 2001 through a merger of the Unity and Fatherland – All Russia parties. It supports the policies of the current presidential administration.
The party's association with President and former Prime
Minister Vladimir Putin, who is a former party leader, has been the key to
its success, and there is also evidence that the electorate credits the party
(in addition to Putin) for improvements in the economy. Although the party's
popularity has declined from its peak of 64.4% in the 2007
Duma elections to 49.32% in the
2011 elections, it remains by far the most popular party in the
country, ahead of the Communist
Party (at 19.19%). Dmitry Medvedev, Russia's
current Prime Minister and former President, has been the leader of United
Russia since 26 May 2012. The party has
no coherent ideology but embraces politicians and officials[7] with a variety of political views who support the administration.[8] It appeals mainly to non-ideological voters.[9] Therefore, United Russia is often classified as a
"catch-all party" or a "party of power".[10][11] In 2009, the party proclaimed "Russian
conservatism" as its official ideology.[2][3]
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (/ˈpuːtɪn/; Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] (
listen), born 7 October 1952) has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012, succeeding Dmitry Medvedev. Putin
previously served as president from 2000 to 2008, and as Prime
Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. During
his last term as prime minister, he was also the chairman of United Russia, the ruling party.
listen), born 7 October 1952) has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012, succeeding Dmitry Medvedev. Putin
previously served as president from 2000 to 2008, and as Prime
Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. During
his last term as prime minister, he was also the chairman of United Russia, the ruling party.
The Russian
National Socialist Party (Russian: Русская Национальная Социалистическая Партия) is a neo-Nazi party based in
Russia. The group achieved international notoriety in 2007
when a video appeared on the internet purportedly showing members decapitating
one immigrant and shooting another.
Pamyat (Russian: Память, Russian: Общество «Память», Russian pronunciation: [ˈpamʲɪtʲ]; English translation: Memory) identifies itself as the
"People's National-patriotic Orthodox Christian movement." The group's stated focus is preserving Russian culture
Italy
Lega Nord (LN;
literal translation: "North League"), whose complete name is Lega Nord per
l'Indipendenza della Padania ("North League for the Independence of
Padania"), is a regionalist political
party in Italy. Lega Nord was
founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of northern and central Italy Lega Nord's
founder and former long-standing leader is Umberto Bossi, who was minister for Federal Reform in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. In the most recent regional elections Lega Nord was the largest party
in Veneto and Lombardy, the second-largest in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany, the third-largest in Liguria, Marche and Umbria, the fourth-largest in Piedmont, and the fifth-largest in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino.
Poland
Law and Justice (Polish: 
Prawo
i Sprawiedliwość (help·info)), abbreviated to PiS, is a right-wing[12][13][14] conservative[15][3] political
party in Poland. With 235
seats in the Sejm and 61 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish
parliament. The party was
founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław.with the Christian democratic Centre Agreement forming the new party's core.[16] The party won the 2005
election, while Lech Kaczyński won
the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime
Minister, before calling elections
in 2007, several leading members, including Lech Kaczyński,
died in a
plane crash in 2010. The party
programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law
and order agenda. The party is solidarist and mildly eurosceptic. Beata Maria Szydło (pronounced [bɛˈata ˈmarja ˈʂɨdwɔ]; née Kusińska [kuˈɕiɲska]; 15 April 1963) is a Polish politician who has been Prime
Minister of Poland since her cabinet took office on 16 November 2015. She is vice-chairman of the Law and Justice party and led
two successful campaigns in the presidential and parliamentary elections of
2015. She is Poland's third female prime minister and the first to succeed
another woman (Ewa Kopacz) in office.
Prawo
i Sprawiedliwość (help·info)), abbreviated to PiS, is a right-wing[12][13][14] conservative[15][3] political
party in Poland. With 235
seats in the Sejm and 61 in the Senate, it is currently the largest party in the Polish
parliament. The party was
founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław.with the Christian democratic Centre Agreement forming the new party's core.[16] The party won the 2005
election, while Lech Kaczyński won
the presidency. Jarosław served as Prime
Minister, before calling elections
in 2007, several leading members, including Lech Kaczyński,
died in a
plane crash in 2010. The party
programme is dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law
and order agenda. The party is solidarist and mildly eurosceptic. Beata Maria Szydło (pronounced [bɛˈata ˈmarja ˈʂɨdwɔ]; née Kusińska [kuˈɕiɲska]; 15 April 1963) is a Polish politician who has been Prime
Minister of Poland since her cabinet took office on 16 November 2015. She is vice-chairman of the Law and Justice party and led
two successful campaigns in the presidential and parliamentary elections of
2015. She is Poland's third female prime minister and the first to succeed
another woman (Ewa Kopacz) in office.
Spain
The socialist
PSOE and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) have alternated in power for
decades; and as the economic crisis has hammered Spain there has been no rapid
emergence of a hard religious right-wing party.
Other noteworthy parties:
5,189,463 votes,
20.66% of the electorate
|
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Republican
Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya |
599,289 votes, 2.39% of the electorate
|
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Basque Country Unite (EHB)
Euskal Herria Bildu |
218,467 votes, 0.87% of the electorate
|
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Portugal
Since 1975, the
party system has been dominated by the social democratic Socialist
Party and the liberal-conservative Social
Democratic Party. The National
Renovator Party (Portuguese: Partido Nacional Renovador, pronounced: [pɐɾˈtiðu nɐsiuˈnaɫ ʁɨnuvɐˈðoɾ], PNR) is a Portuguese nationalist political
party. Its motto is "Nation and Labour" and one of its objectives is
the promotion of a Portuguese nationalist spirit. It believes that nationalism
is putting the interests of the nation above sectarian interests. In 2009, the
PNR was the first Portuguese party to be called the "New National Right,
Social and Popular".
Czech Republic
Workers' Party
of Social Justice (Czech: Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti) is a Czech political party, often described as the major far-right extremist party in the Czech Republic. The party is not represented in any legislative body
in the Czech Republic and its biggest electoral success so far has been a gain
of 1,14% in the Czech
legislative election in 2010. The party was
banned, making it the first instance of banning a party for its ideology in the
modern history of the Czech Republic.[8] The party was transformed into a "Party of
Citizens of the Czech Republic"[9] and the party was renamed to Workers' Party of Social
Justice.
Slovakia
The Slovak
National Party (Slovak: Slovenská národná strana, SNS) is a political
party in Slovakia. The party characterizes itself as a socialist,
nationalist party based on the European Christian system of values.[5] However it is sometimes described as ultra-nationalist,[2][6][7][8][9][10] right-wing extremist,[2][11][12][13] and far-right,[14] due to its statements[15] about Hungarians and Romani which have been characterised as racist.[16][17][18] In the Slovak
parliamentary election, 2012, SNS failed to
meet the 5% electoral threshold, and thus lost parliamentary representation. On
the following party congress in October 2012, the delegates chose lawyer Andrej
Danko as the new chairman of the party.
Hungary
The Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance
(Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈfidɛs]; in full, Hungarian: Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a major national conservative[2][13] political
party in Hungary. On a joint list with the Christian
Democratic People's Party,[14] Fidesz won two historic supermajorities in the National
Assembly in both the 2010 and 2014
elections (two by-elections, both in Veszprém county, have since eliminated the supermajority).[15][16] Fidesz is, by far, the most popular party in Hungary,
with majorities in all county legislatures (19 of 19), almost all (20 of 23) urban counties and in the Budapest city council too, based on the 2014
local elections. It has been described as a big tent party.[17][18] Fidesz is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).
Viktor Orbán (Hungarian
pronunciation: [ˈorbaːn ˈviktor] ( listen); born 31 May
1963) is a Hungarian jurist and
politician who has been Prime
Minister of Hungary since 2010 and the president of the national conservative ruling party Fidesz from 1993 to
2000 and since 2003. Previously he also served as Prime Minister from 1998 to
2002.
listen); born 31 May
1963) is a Hungarian jurist and
politician who has been Prime
Minister of Hungary since 2010 and the president of the national conservative ruling party Fidesz from 1993 to
2000 and since 2003. Previously he also served as Prime Minister from 1998 to
2002.
Jobbik, the Movement for a Better Hungary (Hungarian: Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom), commonly known as Jobbik (pronounced [ˈjobːik]), is a Hungarian radical nationalist[7][8] political party. The party describes itself as
"a principled, conservative and radically patriotic Christian party",
whose "fundamental purpose" is the protection of "Hungarian
values and interests."[17] After the Hungarian
parliamentary elections on 6 April 2014, the party polled
1,020,476 votes, securing 20.54% of the total, making them Hungary's third
largest party in the National
Assembly.
Sweden
Sweden Democrats or Swedish
Democrats (Swedish: Sverigedemokraterna, SD) is a political party in Sweden that was founded in 1988.[20] The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation,[1][2] though it has been characterized by some as far-right,[21] right-wing populist,[3][7] national-conservative,[22] and anti-immigration.[23] Since 2005, its party chairman has been Jimmie Åkesson, while Richard Jomshof has been party
secretary since 2015 and Mattias
Karlsson has been the parliamentary group leader since 2014.
The Sweden Democrats polled 12.9% in the 2014
general election, and won 49 seats in the Riksdag, a 14% share.[17] Sweden Democrats, however, remains isolated in
parliament because other parties are keeping to a policy of refusing cooperation with them
Norway
The Progress
Party (Bokmål: Fremskrittspartiet,
Nynorsk: Framstegspartiet, FrP) is a political
party in Norway which identifies as classical liberal (libertarian) and conservative-liberal.[10][11] Academics broadly categorise the party as neoliberal right-wing populist. In coalition with the Conservative
Party, the party won the 2013
parliamentary election and entered
into its first ever government.[20]
The Conservative
Party (Norwegian: Høyre,
H, literally "right") is a conservative[5][6] and liberal-conservative[6][7][8] political
party in Norway. It is the major party of the Norwegian centre-right, and the leading party in the governing Solberg cabinet. The current party leader is the Prime
Minister of Norway Erna Solberg. In national elections in September 2013, voters
ended eight years of Labour Party rule. A coalition of the Conservative Party and the Progress Party (FrP) entered office based on promises of tax cuts, better services and
stricter rules on immigration, with the support of the Liberal Party and Christian
Democratic Party. After winning the elections, Solberg said her win
was "a historic election victory for the right-wing electoral bloc"
Finland
The Finns Party,[1][2][10] previously known as the True Finns (Finnish: Perussuomalaiset, PS, is a populist and nationalist-oriented Finnish political
party, founded in 1995 following the dissolution of the Finnish Rural Party. Timo Soini has been the leader of the party since 1997. In the 2011 parliamentary
election, the party won 19.1% of votes,[14] becoming the third largest party in the Finnish Parliament.[15] In the 2015
election the party got 17.7% of the votes, making them the
parliament's second largest party.[16] The party was in opposition for the first 20 years of
its existence. In 2015 they joined the current government coalition. The party
combines left-wing economic
policies[17] with conservative social values, socio-cultural authoritarianism, and ethnic nationalism.[18] Several researchers have described the party as
fiscally centre-left, socially conservative,[19] a "centre-based populist party" or the
"most left-wing of the non-socialist parties", whereas other scholars
have described them as radically right-wing populist.[18][note 2] The chairman of the party, Timo Soini has said that The Finns Party is Finland's largest
workers' party but also stated that the party is definitely not on the left-wing.
Inside the party there is also a movement which can be considered clearly
rightist, led by MEP Jussi Halla-aho. The Finns
Party has been compared by international media to the other Nordic populist parties and other similar nationalist and
right-wing populist movements in Europe that share euroscepticism and are critical of globalism, whilst noting its strong support for the Finnish welfare state.[29][30]
Denmark
The Danish
People's Party (DPP) (Danish: Dansk Folkeparti, DF) is a political
party in Denmark which is generally described as right-wing populist by academics[4][18][19][20][21] and far-right by international media.[22][23][24][25][26] DF has also been described in academia and the media
as a nativist[27][28] and anti-immigrant party.[29][30][31][32][33]The party was founded in 1995 by Pia Kjærsgaard, who led the party until 2012, when she passed the leadership
on to Kristian Thulesen Dahl. In 2014 the party won the European
Parliament election as the largest party in Denmark with 26.6% of the
vote; after the election it joined the European
Conservatives and Reformists Group
alongside parties such as the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, Law and Justice of Poland and the Alternative for Germany. It received 21.1% of the vote in the Danish
general election, 2015.
Netherlands
The Party
for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) is a right-wing populist[13] political
party in the Netherlands. Founded in
2005 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man party in the House
of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006
general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In
the 2010
general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party.
At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime
Minister Mark Rutte without having ministers in the cabinet. However the
PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts.[14] It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four
out of 26 seats.[15][16] Geert Wilders (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣeːrt ˈʋɪldərs], born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch politician and the founder and leader of the Party for Freedom (Partij voor
de Vrijheid – PVV), which is a political party in the Dutch parliament.[1][2] Wilders is the Parliamentary
group leader of his party in the Dutch
House of Representatives.
Belgium
Vlaams Belang (VB; Dutch for "Flemish Interest") is a right-wing populist[5] and Flemish nationalist political party in the Flemish Region and Brussels of Belgium. Vlaams Belang
originated from Vlaams Blok, which adopted its new name and changed some controversial parts of its
statute after a trial in 2004 condemned the party for racism.[6] It has since sought to change its image from a
radical to a more conservative party, and has distanced itself from some of its former programs.[3] Most other parties have continued the cordon sanitaire which was
originally agreed on against the former party, effectively blocking the Vlaams
Belang from any executive power, and attempts on cutting public subsidies specifically for the party
were made through the Belgian draining law.
Luxembourg
The Alternative
Democratic Reform Party (Luxembourgish: Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei, French: Parti réformiste d'alternative démocratique, German: Alternative Demokratische
Reformpartei), abbreviated to ADR, is a conservative political party in Luxembourg. It has three seats in the sixty-seat Chamber
of Deputies, making it the fifth-largest party.
Switzerland
The Swiss
People's Party (German: Schweizerische Volkspartei, SVP; Romansh: Partida populara Svizra, PPS), also
known as the Democratic Union of the Centre (French: Union démocratique du centre, UDC; Italian: Unione Democratica di Centro, UDC), is a National-conservative[11] and right-wing populist political party in Switzerland. Chaired by Toni Brunner with Christoph Blocher as Vice
President, the party is the largest party in the Federal
Assembly, with 65 members of the National
Council[12] and 5 of the Council
of States.
Greece
The Popular Association – Golden Dawn[9][10] (Greek: Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος – Χρυσή Αυγή, Laïkós
Sýndesmos – Chrysí Avgí), usually known simply as Golden Dawn (Greek: Χρυσή Αυγή, Chrysí Avgí pronounced [xriˈsi
avˈʝi]), is a far-right[11] political party in Greece. It is led by Nikolaos Michaloliakos Scholars and media have
described it as neo-Nazi[3][12][13] and fascist,[14][15][4] though the group rejects these labels.[16
Austria
The Freedom Party of Austria[note 1] (German: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ)
is a right-wing populist[12][13] political
party in Austria. Ideologically, the party is a descendant of the pan-German and national-liberal camp, which dates back to the 1848
revolutions. The FPÖ itself was founded in 1956 as the successor
to the short-lived Federation
of Independents (VdU).
The party, led by Heinz-Christian Strache, sits in the Europe
of Nations and Freedom group in the European Parliament.
Ukraine
The Svoboda
All-Ukrainian Union (Ukrainian: Всеукраїнське об’єднання
«Свобода», Vseukrayinske obyednannia "Svoboda"),
translated as Freedom, is a Ukrainian nationalist political party.[2] The party won 6 seats in the late October 2014
Ukrainian parliamentary election ; losing
30 seats of the 37 seats (its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament[9]) it had won in the 2012
parliamentary election.[nb 1][12][13] From 27 February 2014 till 12 November 2014 three
members of the party held positions in Ukraine's
government.[14]
Right Sector (Ukrainian: Правий сектор, Pravyi Sektor) is a far-right Ukrainian nationalist political party that originated in November 2013 as a paramilitary
confederation at the Euromaidan protests in Kiev, where its
street fighters fought against riot police.[7][8] The coalition became a political party on 22 March
2014, at which time it claimed to have perhaps 10,000 members.[9][10]
Ireland
Renua Ireland, commonly
called Renua, is a political party in Ireland. The party was
launched on 13 March 2015, with former Fine Gael TD Lucinda Creighton as founding
leader.[3] Prior to its launch it had used the slogan Reboot Ireland.[3] The name Renua is intended to suggest both the
English Renew and the Irish Ré Nua "New Era".[4]
Iceland
The Independence
Party (Icelandic: Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn) is a right-wing political party in Iceland.[3][4] Liberal conservative[5] and Eurosceptic,[5][6][7] it is one of the two largest parties in the Althing, with nineteen seats, the other one being the Progressive
Party. The chairman of the party is Bjarni
Benediktsson and vice chairman is Ólöf Nordal.
Serbia
Far right in Serbia mostly focuses
on national and religious factors and it refers to any manifestation of far-right politics in the Republic of Serbia. The most well-known far right
organization in Serbia is Nacionalni stroj (Национални
строј, National Alignment). It is based in the Serbian region of Vojvodina, and has orchestrated several incidents since 2005.
In late 2005, charges were pressed against 18 of the leading members in Novi Sad, and each of the suspects were facing up to eight
years in prison.[1] This organization is now banned in Serbia.[2]
An organisation called Obraz, classified as
Orthodox clero-fascist, was officially banned by the Constitutional
Court of Serbia in 2012.[3] After 2010., the new fascist movement Serbian action (Србска акција)
is active.
Bulgaria
Attack (Bulgarian: Атака) is a Bulgarian nationalist[2][7] party, founded by Volen Siderov in 2005, who was at the time presenter of the
homonymous TV Show "Attack" on SKAT TV. According to
most scholars the party is extreme right,[2][6][8] according to others extreme left, or a synthesis of
left- and right-wing.[9][10] The leadership of the party asserts that their party
is "neither left nor right, but Bulgarian".[8] It advocates the re-nationalisation of privatised
companies and seeks to prioritize spending on education, healthcare and
welfare.[6] The party is considered ultranationalist[2][3][11] and racist, especially antisemitic and anti-Roma,[12] as well as xenophobic,[1][2][8][3] especially anti-Muslim[12] and anti-Turkish.[12] The party opposes the Bulgarian membership in NATO[1] and requires revision for what it calls the 'double
standards' for the membership in the European Union. In the
Bulgarian parliamentary elections of 2005, 2009, and 2013 Attack was
consistently the fourth-strongest party and won 21 respectively 23 of the 240
seats.
Romania
The Greater
Romania Party (Romanian: Partidul România Mare, PRM) is a Romanian nationalist political party.[4] Founded in May 1991 by Eugen Barbu and Corneliu Vadim Tudor, it was led by the latter from that point until his death in September
2015.[5][6] The party is sometimes referred to in English as the Great
Romania Party.
Croatia
The Croatian
Party of Rights (Croatian: Hrvatska stranka prava, HSP) is an
extra-parliamentary Croatian nationalist[1] conservative right-wing political
party in Croatia. The "right(s)" in the party's name refer
to the legal and moral reasons that justify the independence and autonomy of
Croatia.[2] While the HSP has retained its old name,[clarification needed]
today it is a right-wing party with an ethnocentric platform.
Bosnia Herzegovina
Croatian Party
of Rights of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croatian: Hrvatska stranka prava Bosne i Hercegovine, HSP BiH) is parliamentary party in Bosnia and Herzegovina and represents ideology of dr. Ante Starčević. Main goals of the HSP BiH are changes of Treaty of Dayton, abolition of
entities and subdivision of Bosnia and Herzegovina into territorial units
Albania
The party of
the Albanian National Front (Albanian: Partia Balli Kombëtar Shqiptar, PBK) is a nationalist political party in Albania and Kosovo. The Balli Kombëtar was revived in Albania as
a political party in the early 1990s . Founded under the leadership of Abas Ermenji, a surviving Ballist, who escaped from Albania when
the communists declared victory in 1945.[1] In 1996 it won 5 percent of the popular
vote and two seats in parliament.[1] It has since declined. In the 2001 elections it was
part of the Union for Victory (Bashkimi për Fitoren) coalition which received 37.1% of the
vote and 46 members of parliament. The
National Front has chapters in Kosovo, led by Sylejman Daka and in Macedonia,
led by Vebi Xhemaili.
Macedonia
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
– Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (Macedonian: Внатрешна македонска
револуционерна организација – Демократска партија за македонско национално
единство), simplified as VMRO-DPMNE, is one of the two
major Macedonian parties, the other being the Social
Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM). The
party has proclaimed itself as Christian democratic, but has been described as nationalist.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Under the leadership of Ljubčo Georgievski in its beginning, the party supported Macedonian independence from Socialist Yugoslavia.[13] The party has been leading a pro-European and pro-NATO policy in recent years, but it does not agree to the country's name
changing. VMRO's support is based on ethnic Macedonians with some exceptions; it claims that "the party's goals and
objectives express the tradition of the Macedonian people on whose political
struggle and concepts it is based."[14][15] Nevertheless, it has formed a coalition with many ethnic minority parties.[16]
Montenegro
The Serb People's Party (Serbian: Српска народна странка/Srpska narodna stranka
or SNS, СНС) was a political party in Montenegro. The SNS was
led by Andrija Mandić. At the last
legislative elections in Montenegro, on September 10, 2006, The Serbian List led by the SNS won 12 out of 81 seats. It was then the largest
political group in the Parliament of Montenegro right after the ruling Democratic
Party of Socialists-Social
Democratic Party coalition. In
January 2009, it merged with to People's
Socialist Party of Montenegro (NSSCG) to
form the New Serb Democracy.
Slovenia
The Slovenian
National Party (Slovene: Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka, SNS)
is an extreme nationalist[1] political party in Slovenia, led by Zmago
Jelinčič Plemeniti. The party is renowned for its euroscepticism and opposes Slovenia's membership in NATO.[2][3] It also opposes what it considers historical revisionism of events in Slovenia during World War II and, to an extent, is sympathetic towards the former Yugoslav Communist regime of Josip Broz Tito.[4]
Kosovo
The Democratic
League of Kosovo (Albanian: Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës, LDK) is the
second largest political
party in Kosovo. It is a conservative[1] and liberal conservative party.
Turkey
The Nationalist
Movement Party (alternatively translated as Nationalist Action Party;
Turkish: Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP), is a Turkish far-right political party that adheres to Turkish nationalism and Euroscepticism. It was first formed by former colonel Alparslan Türkeş in 1969, who had previously become leader of the right-wing Republican
Villagers Nation Party (CKMP) in
1965. The party mainly followed a neo-fascist and ultranationalist political
agenda throughout the latter half of the 20th century, but later moderated its
views under the leadership of Devlet Bahçeli, who took over after Türkeş's death in 1997. The
party's youth wing is the Grey
Wolves (Bozkurtlar) organisation, which is also known
as the 'Idealist Hearths' (Ülkü Ocakları).[12] Türkeş, who is widely revered by Turkish nationalists
as the founder of the idealist movement, is commonly referred to as 'Chieftain'
(Başbuğ) by his supporters.
European Union
The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)[1] is a Eurosceptic[5][6][7][8][9] and anti-federalist[4][5][10] political
group in the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary group of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) European
political party, but also includes MEPs from four other European parties and thirteen MEPs without European
party affiliation. The ECR was founded
around the Movement
for European Reform after the 2009
European elections at the behest of British Conservative Party leader David Cameron. During the Seventh
European Parliament (2009–14), the ECR had 55 MEPs, making it the joint
fourth-largest group. After the 2014
European elections, the party accepted thirteen new member parties,
increasing group membership to 71 MEPs and making it the current third-largest
group in the European Parliament. The
group is considered centre-right[11][12][13][14] to right-wing.[15][16][17][18] The largest parties in the group by number of MEPs
are the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom and Law and Justice (PiS) of Poland.
Europe of Nations and Freedom (French: Europe des nations et des
libertés, ENL) is a political
group in the European Parliament launched on 15 June 2015. With 38 members, the group is the smallest in
the European Parliament. The largest party of the group by number of MEPs is
the National Front representing more than half of ENL's MEPs with 20 MEPs out of 38. The ENF is the parlimamentary group of the Movement
for a Europe of Nations and Freedom although PVV's MEPs are members of the European
Alliance for Freedom and other MEPs are without any European affiliations.
Some Further links:
An Exposition on Fascism
Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism[1][2] that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the
traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4]
Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes in the nature of war,
society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken
down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship"
arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner
during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state
capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and
providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having
unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.[5][6]
Etymology
The Italian term fascismo derives from fascio
meaning a bundle of rods, ultimately from the Latin word fasces.[14] This was the name given to political organizations in
Italy known as fasci, groups
similar to guilds or syndicates and at first applied mainly to organisations on the
political Left. In Milan in 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci
Italiani di Combattimento, which, in
1921, became the Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party). The Fascists came to associate the term with the ancient Roman fasces
or fascio littorio[15]—a bundle of rods tied around an axe,[16] an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate[17] carried by his lictors, which could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command.[18][19]
The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength
through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult
to break.[20] Similar symbols were developed by different fascist
movements: for example the Falange symbol is five arrows joined together by a yoke.[21]
Definitions
Main article: Definitions of fascism
Historians, political scientists, and other scholars
have long debated the exact nature of fascism.[22] Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving
many definitions too wide or narrow.[23][24]
One common definition of the term focuses on three
concepts: the fascist negations of anti-liberalism, anti-communism and anti-conservatism; nationalist authoritarian
goals of creating a regulated economic structure to transform social relations
within a modern, self-determined culture; and a political aesthetic of romantic
symbolism, mass mobilization, a positive view of violence, and promotion of
masculinity, youth and charismatic leadership.[25][26][27] According to many scholars, fascism — especially once
in power — has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary
liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right.[28]
Roger Griffin describes fascism as "a genus of political ideology whose mythic core
in its various permutations is a palingenetic form of populist
ultranationalism".[29] Griffin describes the ideology as having three core
components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism and
(iii) the myth of decadence".[30] Fascism is "a genuinely revolutionary,
trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis, anti-conservative
nationalism" built on a complex range of theoretical and cultural
influences. He distinguishes an inter-war period in which it manifested itself
in elite-led but populist "armed party" politics opposing socialism
and liberalism and promising radical politics to rescue the nation from
decadence.[31]
Robert Paxton says that fascism is "a form of political behavior marked by
obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and
by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party
of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration
with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with
redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal
cleansing and external expansion."[32]
Umberto Eco,[33] Kevin Passmore,[34] John Weiss,[35] Ian Adams,[36] and Moyra Grant,[37] mention racism (including anti-semitism) as a characteristic of fascism; i.e. fascistic
dictator Hitler idealized German society as a racially unified and
hierarchically organized Volksgemeinschaft.
John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues that there
is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are
essentially manifestations of populism and that, for example, the differences between the
political regimes of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are greater than their similarities.
Ray Gruszecki
March, 2016
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